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Grumman F4F Wildcat - World War II

Grumman F4F Wildcat - World War II F4F Wildcat - Specifications (F4F-4): General Length: 28 ft. 9 in. Wingspan: 38 ft. Height: 9 ft. 2.5 in. Wing Area: 260 sq. ft. Empty Weight: 5,760 lbs. Loaded Weight: 7,950 lbs. Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-1830-86 double-row radial engine, 1,200 hp Range: 770 miles Max Speed: 320 mph Ceiling: 39,500 ft. Armament Guns: 6 x 0.50 in. M2 Browning machine guns Bombs: 2 Ãâ€" 100 lb bombs and/or 2 Ãâ€" 58 gallon drop tanks F4F Wildcat - Design Development: In 1935, the US Navy issued a call for a new fighter to replace its fleet of Grumman F3F biplanes. Responding, Grumman initially developed another biplane, the XF4F-1 which was an enhancement of the F3F line. Comparing the XF4F-1 with the Brewster XF2A-1, the Navy elected to move forward with the latter, but asked Grumman to rework their design. Returning to the drawing board, Grummans engineers completely redesigned the aircraft (XF4F-2), transforming it into a monoplane featuring large wings for greater lift and a higher speed than the Brewster. Despite these changes, the Navy decided to move forward with the Brewster after a fly-off at Anacostia in 1938. Working on their own, Grumman continued to modify the design. Adding the more powerful Pratt Whitney R-1830-76 Twin Wasp engine, expanding the wing size, and modifying the tailplane, the new XF4F-3 proved capable of 335 mph. As the XF4F-3 greatly surpassed the Brewster in terms of performance, the Navy granted a contract to Grumman to move the new fighter into production with 78 aircraft ordered in August 1939. F4F Wildcat - Operational History: Entering service with VF-7 and VF-41 in December 1940, the F4F-3 was equipped with four .50 cal. machine guns mounted in its wings. While production continued for the US Navy, Grumman offered a Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9-powered variant of the fighter for export. Ordered by the French, these aircraft were not complete by the fall of France in mid-1940. As a result, the order was taken over by the British who used the aircraft in the Fleet Air Arm under the name Martlet. Thus it was a Martlet that scored the types first combat kill when one downed a German Junkers Ju 88 bomber over Scapa Flow on December 25, 1940. Learning from British experiences with the F4F-3, Grumman began introducing a series of changes to the aircraft including folding wings, six machine guns, improved armor, and self-sealing fuel tanks. While these improvements slightly hampered the new F4F-4s performance, they improved pilot survivability and increased the number that could be carried aboard American aircraft carriers. Deliveries of the Dash Four began in November 1941. A month earlier, the fighter officially received the name Wildcat. At the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the US Navy and Marine Corps possessed 131 Wildcats in eleven squadrons. The aircraft quickly came to prominence during the Battle of Wake Island (December 8-23, 1941), when four USMC Wildcats played a key role in the heroic defense of the island. During the next year, the fighter provided defensive cover for American planes and ships during the strategic victory at the Battle of the Coral Sea and the decisive triumph at the Battle of Midway. In addition to carrier use, the Wildcat was an important contributor to Allied success in the Guadalcanal Campaign. Though not as nimble as its main Japanese opponent, the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, the Wildcat quickly earned a reputation for its ruggedness and ability to withstand shocking amounts of damage while still remaining airborne. Learning quickly, American pilots developed tactics to deal with the Zero which utilized the Wildcats high service ceiling, greater ability to power dive, and heavy armament. Group tactics were also devised, such as the Thach Weave which allowed Wildcat formations to counter a diving attack by Japanese aircraft. In mid-1942, Grumman ended Wildcat production in order to focus on its new fighter, the F6F Hellcat. As a result, manufacture of the Wildcat was passed to General Motors. Though the fighter was supplanted by the F6F and F4U Corsair on most American fast carriers by mid-1943, its small size made it ideal for use aboard escort carriers. This allowed the fighter to remain in both American and British service through the end of the war. Production ended in fall 1945, with a total of 7,885 aircraft built. While the F4F Wildcat often receives less notoriety than its later cousins and possessed a less-favorable kill-ratio, it is important to note that the aircraft bore the brunt of the fighting during the critical early campaigns in the Pacific when Japanese air power was at its peak. Among the notable American pilots who flew the Wildcat were Jimmy Thach, Joseph Foss, E. Scott McCuskey, and Edward Butch OHare. Selected Sources Military Factory: F4F WildcatChuckhawks: F4F Wildcat

GAME THEORY essays

GAME THEORY essays One of the most famous and most thoroughly studied examples of game theory is the Prisoners Dilemma. In this situation, the police have caught two people and charged them with a crime. The police separate the prisoners into different rooms and give them the option of confessing. The police tell the two prisoners that they have enough evidence of the crime to send them to jail for X amount of years. However, if one prisoner confesses fully to the crime and testifies against the other but the other doesnt, then the prisoner who confessed will get get a much lighter sentence than X and the prisoner who did not confess will get a heavier sentence than X. However, if both of the prisoners confess and testify against the other, then the police have enough evidence to convict both prisoners for a slightly heavier sentence than X. Since neither of these prisoners knows what the other one is saying, we can use a decision tree to determine the dominant strategy for these people. (see fi gure A on attached sheet) In this dilemma, the dominant game strategy for the prisoners is to confess. Although the strategy for these games seems very predictable, there is a paradox that arises. The police are also a player in this game. The police have evidence to put these criminals away for only X years but if the prisoners confess, then they have enough evidence to put them away for slightly more than X years. In this situation, the police want to do all they can in their power to make these criminals confess to the crime. The actions by the authorities have to be included in the outcome of the game. The way the authorities can change the outcome of the game is to penalize the prisoners if they do not do what the authorities want. Therefore the only two actions that the authority can perform are to penalize or not penalize the prisoners. However, the dominant strategy of the authority and the impact of their actions are determ...

The Function and Role of the Chorus in Medea and Lysistrata Essay

The Function and Role of the Chorus in Medea and Lysistrata - Essay Example Euripides uses the chorus in a limited but important way. The chorus does not drive the action; indeed, the chorus is in many ways detached and, at times, almost physically helpless. The chorus, however, is an essential and meaningful element of the play. The chorus reacts to the action and expresses itself as an overarching conscience. The chorus expresses sympathy and understanding. The chorus expresses sadness and lamentations. Its perception of the main characters changes throughout the play, and these changes compel the reader to continuously reevaluate the main characters. In addition to these reevaluations, the chorus functions as a signifier of change in the play. The chorus is often used by Euripides to signify a further development in the play. In short, the chorus is intimately connected to the play, even though it is in many ways detached from the underlying action, and it functions to force deeper assessments of the main characters and to signify developments in the play . As an initial matter, the chorus in Medea is used to function as an overarching conscience and to compel the observer to reassess the main characters. ... This is a woman whom has been betrayed. Her wrath and her pain are justifiable. The chorus judges Medea the innocent victim, "for thou wilt be taking a just vengeance on thy husband, Medea. That thou shouldst mourn thy lot surprises me not." (Medea, 117). The chorus declares Medea oppressed and her husband perfidious. The nature of the revenge decided upon, and the breadth of victims, force changes in the opinion of the chorus. Medea's plan to poison her husband and his bride, as well as her subsequent killing of her sons, elicit a quite different reaction from the chorus. Indeed, when Medea reveals her plans to the chorus, it remarks, How then shall the city of sacred streams, the land that welcomes those it loves, receive thee, the murderess of thy children, thee whose presence with others is a pollution 'Think on the murder of thy children, consider the bloody deed thou takest on thee. Nay, by thy knees we, one and all, implore thee, slay not thy babes (Medea, 998). The chorus is recharacterizing Medea and being used by Euripides to explore both the nature of vengeance and the limits of justice. Medea is fairly motivated, but her plan goes beyond what the chorus deems moral and just. In the end, as the chorus witnesses Medea's killing of her sons, they remain outside of the action. They play no protective role bound by their oath not to intervene, and they witness the death struggle and the screams helplessly. They simply observe that, "Can there be any deed of horror left to follow this Woe for the wooing of women fraught with disaster!" (Medea, 1209). The chorus judges Jason and Medea excessive. The children are innocent victims. A vengeance, once

Gross Negligence Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gross Negligence - Personal Statement Example Gross negligence in other words is an act or oversight of an aggravated nature, as eminent from the lack of ordinary care evident in negligence. According to Diana & Gill (1989) gross negligence is a cognizant and intended disregard of the requirement to employ reasonable care that is likely to result in foreseeable serious injury or harm to another person. Gross negligence is conduct that is tremendous as compared to ordinary negligence that is a mere failure to observe reasonable care. Gross negligence and ordinary negligence vary in degree of negligence while both vary from willful and reckless conduct that reasonably termed as causing injury. Gross negligence is a lack of care in wanton disregard for the wellbeing or lives of other individuals. This is immense in that it appears to be a contravention of other individual’s rights to wellbeing. It is further than straightforward inadvertence; however, it is just not far from being deliberately evil. If an individual has agre ed to take care of another's wellbeing, than gross negligence results as a failure to take care the individual would for his/her own wellbeing. Gross negligence results in the award of specific and general damages and addition punitive damages. Negligence Negligence is conduct that lacks due care and such standard would fall below the standard of care established by law. Negligence termed as the divergence from the standard of care which a reasonable person would stick to in a given set of circumstances. There is a legal obligation-requiring one to stick to that set standard of conduct (Ash et al, 2006). Negligence results when the individual does not stick to these standards of care. In negligence, the individual does not intend that the results achieved, and he has the responsibility to foresee and guard against such outcomes (Diana & Gill 1989). Negligence  normally defined as the lack of exercise of that level of care exercised by the rationally careful practitioner under the same set of circumstances as per the test of a reasonable person. Malpractice Malpractice is the absence of the required standard of care by a professional, which include the knowledge, abilities, and specialized skills of a profession. Malpractice results due to the failure of the professional to abide by the established principles of the profession. The plaintiff, in a malpractice situation, should show that the other individual did not follow the standard of his profession. Ash et al (2006, p.130) found that the expected standard of care from a professional is much higher compared to that of the other individuals. It is the failure the lack of skill to abide to a standard of care in which a rational man in the same position would have observed. In a medical malpractice situation, a plaintiff must establish appropriate care to determine the practitioners conduct and an actual breach of the required standard of care by the practitioner. A connecting link between the practitioners b reach and injury and a cognizable harm or damages must exist. The standard of care relies extremely on facts but normally recognized as the degree of care a prudent and reasonably professional practitioner would apply in similar or the same circumstances. In Joseph Benson’

Analysis of Leadership and Management Research Paper

Analysis of Leadership and Management - Research Paper Example Hence, change is a continuous process in an organization. It acts as an effective tool, which helps the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. Change is possible only when the employees are ready to accept the change. Therefore, change leads to the transformation from the old state to the new state, which helps an organization to understand its external and internal conditions. (Collett, n.d.). Successful change management requires employees support and top management support. When the change cannot be managed in a systematic way, there will be a decline in productivity and quality. Therefore, while implementing the change generally people are not mentally and physically fit to accept the change because employees are shifting their old way of doing the things and thus there will be lack of confidence and disloyalty among the employees. Last but not least change will lead to an increase in absenteeism. In case of effective change management, there will be an increase in pro ductivity and organization standard, the employees will start contributing ideas and providing solutions towards the problems, employees’ interest, and motivation level rise up.  Ã‚   To exist in the competitive market, an organization needs to bring behavioral change in employees in order to help them to adjust to the new organizational culture. Therefore, change focuses on creating a new product. For example, Tea Gardens, Jute Mills etc are lucrative organizations but they have been changing from hand to hand perhaps because the new ones are not competent like the earlier ones. That is how changes are continuously going from years to years. Change always requires an extra effort to learn new things since it provides an opportunity for people to feel responsible for the accomplishment of work. From the theories and models of the change management, we generally develop our understanding of planned organizational change. According to Kotter’s framework, change management focuses on increasing employee motivation and encouraging him/her to adopt the change (Heathcote & Taylor, 2007, p.2-7). The reason behind the successful organization change is strong leader ship and educating the employees about the change that will occur in day-to-day activities of the organization. Kurt Lewin represented the three-stage process of change in order to bring the change in the organization. His model is, known as Unfreeze- Change – Refreeze. At the Unfreezing stage, the managers educate the people about the change.  Ã‚  

Protection of wages Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protection of wages - Case Study Example Protection of Wages: The General conference of International Labour Organisation, has been convened at Geneva on 8th June 1949.As per C95- Protection of Wages Convention 1949, the employee has several protections. Some of the relevant articles are discussed here:As per Article 4, National laws or regulations, collective agreements or arbitration awards may authorise the partial payment of wages in the form of allowances in kind in industries or occupations in which payment in the form of such allowances is customary or desirable because of the nature of the industry or occupation concerned. Under this article it is stressed that the allowance is required to be appropriate for the benefit of the employee and the amount of such allowance shall be fair and justified. In case an employer is paying some allowance to the employee, which is more than the justified payment, then the employer can deduct such payment.Article 8 states that the deduction from wages by the employer is permitted o nly under the regulatory control of the national laws or as decided by the arbitration award. Workers shall be informed about the most appropriate reasons and conditions applicable for such kind of deductions. It is obvious that no employer has the authority to deduct the wages if there is no such provision made by the national regulation or by arbitration. Without informing the reasons of deductions, the employer has no authority to deduct the wages. (â€Å"Protection of Wages Convention 1949†, n.d.)The legal restrictions on the deduction of payment are as follows: ... boarding, lodging as governed by the employment standards (d) advance pay recovery or erroneous pay correction (e) any deduction, agreed by the employee, which benefits the employee. An employee can deduct the cost of tools from the wages of the employee - (a) If it is a precondition in the employment that the employee must own the special tools, then the supply of such tools by the employer, makes the deductions from wages as an appropriate measure. (b) The employee may be using the tools for job at other employers. (c) The tools may be available from other suppliers but the employee bought it from the employer. The employer cannot make any deductions towards the safety and health legislation. Any equipment, clothing required to be worn by the employee for personal safety must be supplied by the employer at its own cost. Cost of safety equipments and clothing are directly beneficial to the employer, that's why they are not deducted from the wages of employee. ("Deductions from wages", n.d.) Equal Pay: Employers must offer equal pay to men and women irrespective of gender: (a) if they are employed for similar or "like work" (b) if the job evaluation treats both kind of jobs as equivalent. (c) the value of work is recognized equal. As per the employment terms equal work shall offer equal payment irrespective of gender. An individual employee has the protection of claim under Equal Pay Act 1970 in an employment Tribunal. The employee can seek for the claim within six months after leaving the employment. ("Rights at work", n.d.) The employees are protected by the UK registered ship contracts: Under this contract or legislation, the wage of an employee is