The Impacts of the War on Drugs - 1075 Words

The War On Drugs has lasted many years, including before it was officially called â€Å"War On Drugs.† The prohibition of drugs first got its start in the late 1800’s with anti-opium laws, focusing on chinese immigrants. This was common with the first anti-drug laws. It entirely about scientific based facts on what the effects or risks of the drugs, rather who was associated with the use of the specific drugs. For example, the anti-cocaine laws in the early 1900’s were directed at black men, and the anti- marijuana laws in the mid 1900’s into the 21st century, directed at Mexican migrants and Mexican Americans. Today, black and latino communities are susceptible to being profiled as heavy drug using neighborhoods. The 60’s are associated with being the era of experimentation. Also full of hippies and non-conformist,†Make Love Not War† protesters. Which caused youthful rebellion and political differences to become the symbols of drugs. In June of 1971, President nixon officially declared the â€Å" War on Drugs† causing an increase of federal drug control agencies throughout the nation and created no-knock warrants. Along with the war on drugs he placed marijuana into the most restrictive category of drugs, called Schedule One. The committee that was appointed to putting marijuana there suggested to decriminalize the possession of marijuana for personal use, but Nixon ignored and rejected their recommendations. Despite Nixons efforts, eleven states decriminalized marijuanaShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And Its Impact On The United States1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe current policy in use by the United States concerning illegal drugs is both outdated and unfair. Thi s so-called war on drugs is a deeply rooted campaign of prohibition and unfair sentencing that is very controversial and has been debated for many years. The war on drugs is designed so that it will never end. This current drug was has very little impact on the overall supply of prohibited drugs and its impact on demand seems non-existent. United States’ taxpayers are spending billions of dollarsRead MoreThe War on Drugs and Its Impact on Latin America Essay examples1684 Words   |  7 PagesEver since the war on drugs was started, most of the battle has been concentrated in Latin America, leaving trails of devastation from deep within Latin America up to the largest consumer of those substances. After years of fighting, and series’ of more and more aggressive policies put into place by the United States, drugs are just as prevalent if not more so than when the war began. Illegal drugs are still easy to obtain, demand for such substances has skyrocketed and cartels are becoming increasinglyRead MoreThe Silk Road And Its Impact On The Future Of The War Against Drugs Ross851 Words   |  4 Pagessomeone you have only spoken briefly to over text or through a prepaid call. Moving to the door the nerves kick in, Are the drugs tainted? Will I be shot, raped, mugged? Will I even make it out of this house alive? These are all real feelings of someone who uses drugs. Ross Ulbricht created the Silk Road to make a safer environment for those who choose the freedom to use drugs, â€Å"A frictionless marketplace where everyone had freedom as long as it didn’t impinge on someone else’s freedom.†(1) KeepingRead MoreThe War On Drugs : American Foreign And Domestic Policy1676 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States has focused its efforts on the criminalization of drug use. In June 1971, President Nixon declared a â€Å"war on drugs.† He dramatically increased the size and presence of federal drug control agencies, and pushed through measures such as mandatory sentencing and no-knock warrants. . The War on Drugs has been a centerpiece of American foreign and domestic policy. The rhetoric of war shaped the impact of methods. Not only does war require military strategies, but an enemy as well. In this caseRead MoreRyan Stone . Mrs. Aikey . English 11 Honors, 6Th Hour.1566 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 11 Honors, 6th Hour 28 April 2017 The War on Drugs The War on Drugs had hopes of ending drug possession and usage in the 1971 when president Nixon signed the Drug Prevention and Control Act. Through the years, many people have criticized the war for its failures, and others have commended it for its success. Some people want harsher penalties for drug usage and possession, while others want all drugs to become legal. Although the War on Drugs seems to be a solution to a hot button issue,Read Moreâ€Å"The War On Drugs Is A Big Fucking Lie†. In Recent History,1560 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The war on drugs is a big fucking lie† In recent history, there has been much rhetoric surrounding the eradication of cross-border drug trafficking. The â€Å"war on drugs† was introduced in the 1970s by Nixon, who wanted to eliminate the drugs coming into the United States, since they were seen by him as a threat to our nation. Many laws have been enacted with the purpose keeping illicit drugs out of the United States, yet they do so through the use of nativist ideology, which upholds white supremacyRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was A Long And Bloody1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long and bloody one. The war began on November 1, 1955 and ended on April 30, 1975. The war lasted nearly 20 years. Over this period, 9,087,000 men from United States were deployed, 58,220 were killed and more than 300,000 were wounded. The war also killed an estimated 2 million Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million North Vietnamese troops, and 200,000 South Vietnamese troops. The Vietnam War was the first war America ever lost and this lost would lead to a heavy impact on the AmericanRead MoreThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander657 Words   |  3 Pagesargued in the book, the â€Å"War on Drugs† has been used to perpetuate racial discrimination against African Americans since the 1980s and the Reagan Administration. My personal reflection on the book comes from a legal perspective. Within the world of legal education little if any discussion is had concerning the impact of the law. There is intense discussion on what the law is and where the law could go but in terms of the impact of certain laws such as that within the â€Å"War on Drugs† I believe the massRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Unwinnable War1462 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse and the Unwinnable War Drugs are not a new thing by any means and have been commonplace in most cultures at one point or another. Throughout the known history of the world humans have used drugs to provide mind and mood altering experiences. Evidence of the production of alcohol can be traced back to the description of a brewery in an Egyptian papyrus as early as 3500 B.C (Fort, J. 1969). On a seemingly primal level, humans have always had some incessant need to alter their state of consciousnessRead MoreMexican Cartels1044 Words   |  5 Pagesdoing? B. Attention getter/ Bullets begin flying, armored soldiers and drug cartel members fight it out on the steets killing each other and the surrounding civilians that are innocently just watching as they are caught in the cross fire. Now you may wonder where is this happening..Irag? Afganistan? No Its actually just south of us its happening in Mexico. C. I know this because as crazy as it sounds one of my cousins is in a drug cartel and I’ve seen the bullet holes, the blown up buildings, the blown

“The War On Drugs Is A Big Fucking Lie”. In Recent History,

â€Å"The war on drugs is a big fucking lie† In recent history, there has been much rhetoric surrounding the eradication of cross-border drug trafficking. The â€Å"war on drugs† was introduced in the 1970s by Nixon, who wanted to eliminate the drugs coming into the United States, since they were seen by him as a threat to our nation. Many laws have been enacted with the purpose keeping illicit drugs out of the United States, yet they do so through the use of nativist ideology, which upholds white supremacy by perpetuating the belief that those associated with Mexico are inherently criminals and must be kept out of the United States. Latin America is looked at as a corrupt place, teeming with drugs and criminals, that is tainting the wonderful and†¦show more content†¦Robert Garcia moved to Laredo before drug trafficking was rampant, and joined the Laredo PD. He worked with drug enforcement, and enjoyed the â€Å"local impact† (13). He ended up working w ith the DEA for six years, travelling the country in order to fight the war on drugs. Ultimately, he decided to return to Laredo, and worked in the homicide department. Through these two narratives, Slater explores the complexities of the â€Å"war on drugs† and how, ultimately, drug enforcement at the border does little to curb the crossing of drugs over the border. Throughout history, the United States has continuously perpetuated a system based on racism through its drug eradication policies. In 1973, Richard Nixon created the DEA, by consolidating â€Å"several drug-control agencies into one,† and prohibited opium, which at the time came mostly from Turkey. (73-74). Nixon brought about the â€Å"war on drugs,† which focused on eradicating illegal drugs from entering the United States, and essentially incited nativist attitudes to do so. There is a tendency in the United States to â€Å"idealize everything American and discount everything Mexican,† whi ch becomes increasingly relevant as Mexico is associated with drugs and crime (21). The Harrison Narcotics Tax act was created after cocaine and marijuana became popular as pain relievers for civil War veterans. This â€Å"[created] a lucrative blackShow MoreRelatedAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 PagesCHAPTER 1 Pep Guardiola, the coach in Barcelona, with his grey suits and troubled face, came up to me looking concerned. I thought he was all right at that time, certainly not a Mourinho or Capello, but an ok guy. This was way before we started our war. It was the fall of 2009 and I was living my childhood dream. I was playing in the best team in the world and had been welcomed by 70 000 people at the Camp Nou. I was walking on clouds. Well maybe not entirely, there were some bullshit in the papersRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesget out of all the infested areas around the world. There was problem about fleeing from infested areas. Everywhere was infested. There was no where anyone could go without encountering the walking plague. You know that phrase War is Hell? Well... its dead wrong. War at least has some organization to it. What was faced in the last days... by last days I mean the last days of civilization not life; itself. What was faced was hell. Everyone went ape shit insane. Everyone was killing and raping

The Transition from LPN to RN - 956 Words

For the majority of nurses working within the field of modern medicine, one of the most difficult tasks associated with the job must be maintaining the tenuous balance between the pull of professional ambition and honoring the responsibility owed to their current role. Nursing remains one of the most stratified occupations in terms of recognized qualification, and a wide disparity exists between the positions of Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) and Registered Nurse (RN) in terms of both experience and education. While standards vary from state to state, individual LPNs may be required to complete many of the same duties as their RN counterparts, including the administration of intravenous fluids, the withdrawal of blood for testing, and other crucial aspects of inpatient care. Despite the similar set of skills possessed by LPNs and RNs, the latter position commands a greater level of prestige and a significantly higher salary within the nursing field, and because of this many qualified LPNs aspire to attain the rank of RN in order to better their personal and professional lives. As a working LPN beginning the transition to future RN career, I have encountered many difficulties and obstacles which I feel will only strengthen my resolve and crystallize my ambitions. During the extensive reading required to gain the knowledge needed to work as an RN, a statement made by the authors of LPN to RN Transitions: Achieving Success In Your New Role resonated deeply with me, and IShow MoreRelatedRole Transition from Licensed Practical Nurse to Registered Nurse632 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Role Transition from Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) to Registered Nurse (RN) Objective The objective of this study is to examine the role transition from Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) to Registered Nurse (RN). Introduction The Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) role is much the same as the role of the Registered Nurse (RN) however; there are differences in the roles and the level of responsibilities of the LPN and RN. The work of Stedman (2007) entitled Making it Happen: The LPN to RN TransitionRead MoreIn Part One Of This Assignment I Discussed My Experiences1326 Words   |  6 PagesI envision the challenges, I may face during the transition. In this paper, I will be further discussing the transition from Licensed practical nurse to Registered nurse. The focus is on the responsibilities of a RN and stages of change in becoming a student once again. As I discussed in my video, there are challenges that I will face in the upcoming year that may make the journey difficult. I mentioned my current nursing experiences but as a RN, those experiences will vary because of the differenceRead MoreRoles Of A Registered Nurse1055 Words   |  5 PagesIt takes a lot to let go of what is known, familiar and comfort able. Letting go of the LPN role and transitioning into an RN role is difficult for many. Nurses have a vast amount of opportunity for growth and change in the healthcare field. Many LPNs are choosing to expand their careers and obtain their RN license. While the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) performs a lot of the same skills, the student nurse must improve his or her skills in clinical judgment, collaboration, leadership, and delegationRead MoreRole Transition and Professional Nursing1569 Words   |  7 PagesRole Transition and Professional Nursing XXXX XXX University NUR/300 MSN RN February 09, 2010 Role Transition and Professional Nursing As the student nurse transitions from the role of a nursing student to the professional level of nursing, the licensed registered nurse shall perform only those nursing activities for which the RN has been prepared through basic education and those additional skills, which are obtained through subsequent nursing educationRead MoreTransitional Shift From Practical Nurse1680 Words   |  7 Pages Team Professionalism: Group 1 Nicole Adkins, Receia Kollie, Patricia McRitchie, Regene Zutter Minnesota State Community and Technical College Team Professionalism: Group 1 The purpose of this paper is to explore the transitional shift from practical nurse to professional nurse. We have utilized several resources detailing the scope of practice for the professional nurse, and explain in detail the new types of roles we will encounter as RN’s. Differences Between the Practical Nurse andRead MoreNursing Roles Defined Throughout History. Natalie James.1004 Words   |  5 Pagesfilled by many. Formal nursing training has changed the care takers role over many centuries to making a professional level of nursing care and education. Registered nurses (RN) were the first licensed nurses (in 1860). In 1892 the Young Women’s Christian Association in New York gave the first training for practical nurses (‘LPN’) (LPN Schools and Programs, 2013). A greater need presented itself in World War 1 with a shortage of RN’s to care for wounded soldiers. Around this time period, more formal trainingRead MoreTransitioning From A Licensed Practical Nurse1014 Words   |  5 PagesTransitioning from a licensed practical nurse to a registered nurse I feel will be a fairly challenging task. This is due to the fact that responsibilities and expectations of a registered nurse are much higher. â€Å"Consider the many reaso ns for returning to school. You may think the recognition for your work and pay differential are the primary reasons. These may be considerations but you are embarking on a journey of professional development that will further your knowledge, skills, and abilitiesRead MoreThe Importance Of A Registered Nurse?1849 Words   |  8 Pagesnecessary. To effectively embrace the role of a registered nurse, you must take full advantage of both socialization opportunities. Lastly, you must also begin to change the way you view yourself. A person must learn to separate their thinking process from those of task oriented nursing, and move toward decision-making in problem oriented patient care. They will perform the routine specific behaviors of the registered nurse, by visualizing themselves as a nurse who is able to give excellent patientRead MoreEffective Delegation : Necessary Skill For The 21st Century Nurse1682 Words   |  7 Pages Effective Delegation : Necessary Skill for the 21st Century Nurse Esther Ademiju Chamberlain College of Nursing NR-101 Transitions in Nursing Meaghan  Gerhardstein Fall 2015: Session A October 1, 2015 Delegation : Necessary Skill for the 21st Century Nurse Imagine yourself as a nurse, you have to take vital signs, calculate IO, assist with activities of daily living, feeding, mobility, etc., and still attend to your professional and managerial duties such as formulation of nursingRead MoreAs The Expectancy Of Life Increases And Aging Of Baby Boomers,1109 Words   |  5 Pagesthree categories of nurses: registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and nurse aides (NAs). Registered nurses manage nursing care and provide direct patient care. Majority of them work in hospitals. They are the single largest group of healthcare professionals in the United States. They are state licensed and may hold a two-year associate degree, a three-year diploma from a hospital program or a four-year baccalaureate degrees. LPNs are state licensed and require 12 to 18 months

A Brief Note On Technology s Gender Bias - 1167 Words

Ashley Ly Professor Westermark Geography 146: Feminist Geography 19 October 2015 Technology’s Gender Bias Society’s entrenched views of gender and identity are unconsciously shaped by a continuous changing platform of time and space. From the assigned literature of the first half of the class, I was exposed to ideas of how gender and identity influences a place, and how western society projects their ideology through minuscule details, all of which I never took into consideration but soon later began to analyze in my day-to-day life routine. Overall I truly appreciated and enjoyed the readings and in particular, Linda McDowell’s literature, Gender, Identity, and Place: Understanding Feminist Geographies. While I agree with McDowell’s significant acknowledgement of the importance of how gender and identity interconnects with different spheres of power and adverse places, along her empirical analysis of gender and identity in various social settings, she fails to thoroughly acknowledge the relevancy of technology, a huge component of today’s culture life and spa ces. As it is McDowell’s purpose to reveal the interconnectedness of gender, identity, and geography, I believe she should have recognized how technology associates with numerous geographic aspects, especially in today’s rapidly advancing technological time and place. McDowell’s empirical evidence of gender and identity interconnecting with places of the home, the community, and the public, all exercise a degree ofShow MoreRelatedIs Homosexuality Or Not?1491 Words   |  6 Pagessome people argue that homosexuality is genetic, some people also believe that it is nature and not nurture. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Genetic processes work in combination with an organism s environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature vs nurture. Trait inheritance of genes is still a primary principle of genetics in the 21st century. Modern genetics has expanded beyond inherita nce to studyingRead MoreIs Homosexuality Or Not?1707 Words   |  7 Pagessome people argue that homosexuality is genetic, some people also believe that it is nature and not nurture. Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation in living organisms. Genetic processes work in combination with an organism s environment and experiences that influence development and behavior of the organism, often stated to as nature vs nurture. Trait inheritance of genes is still a main principle of genetics in the 21st century. Modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritanceRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesbeyond, sportscasters—the â€Å"Jockocracy† issue, sportscasters as celebrities, and sportscaster profiles) Chapter 6. Sociocultural perspectives on sports and sportscasting (pervasiveness and salience of sports, role modeling/heroes, and issues—racial and gender consideration) Chapter 7. Practicum on sportscasting Chapter 8. Future concerns and co nsiderations about sports and sportscasting Designed for teachers and students, as well as anyone interested in the topic, the Exercises in Sportscasting includesRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 Pagesbeyond, sportscasters—the â€Å"Jockocracy† issue, sportscasters as celebrities, and sportscaster profiles) Chapter 6. Sociocultural perspectives on sports and sportscasting (pervasiveness and salience of sports, role modeling/heroes, and issues—racial and gender consideration) Chapter 7. Practicum on sportscasting Chapter 8. Future concerns and considerations about sports and sportscasting Designed for teachers and students, as well as anyone interested in the topic, the Exercises in Sportscasting includesRead MorePsychological Assessment4771 Words   |  20 PagesAssessment 5 1.2.4. Testing and Assessment 5 1.2.5. Psychometric Testing and Assessment 5 1.3. THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 5 1.4. THE VALUE OF PSYCHOLIGICAL ASSESSMENT IN INDUSTRY 5 2. FAIRNESS AND BIAS IN SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT 6 2.1. THE CONCEPT OF FAIRNESS AND BIAS 6 2.2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES IN SOUTH AFRICA 7 2.2.1. Early Use (Pre-Apartheid Era) of Psychological Assessments 7 2.2.2. Development of Tests During the Apartheid Era 7 2Read MoreTraditional African Family19679 Words   |  79 Pagesrequire preparatory reading that could be set as homework before the lesson. Teachers’ notes are provided for each lesson plan. These notes include guidance for lesson aims, the resources and time needed and the appropriate Introduction Sociological perspectives page references from Sociology Themes and Chapter 1 Social stratification Perspectives. (Clicking on the ‘handout’ button will Chapter 2 Sex and gender take you Chapter 3 directly to ethnicity and nationality The Race, the appropriate handoutRead MoreA Student Of Generation X Essay2100 Words   |  9 Pagesstopped tinkering and asked mark to call a tow truck. 30 minutes later a Tow truck arrived. As the man approached the car he looked over and smiled at Josie as she stood in front of the car in her bright pink dress and polka dot shoes. He nodded a brief hello to Josie and walked over to the passenger side where Mark was seated. He lowere d his head and calmly said... Good Afternoon Sir, what seems to be the problem? II. Literature and Research As a member of generation X, I’ve always been told aRead MoreThe Media and Political Campaigns Essay2354 Words   |  10 PagesBrief Introductory Summary It has long been said that the media has the potential to make a candidate known as well as make a well known candidate become unpopular by giving either more media coverage or media blackout. It is interesting to see just how the media can play with people’s psychology and influence their decisions to a great length. In this issue paper, the learner investigates the contribution that the media has on political campaigns. The major issue under concern in this paper isRead MoreGender Pay Gap14271 Words   |  58 PagesIntroduction * Overview * Background * Current Situation * Outlook * Pro/Con * Chronology * Short Features * Maps/Graphs * Bibliography * The Next Step * Contacts * Footnotes * About the Author * * Comments | Gender Pay Gap | Are women paid fairly in the workplace? | March 14, 2008 †¢ Volume 18, Issue 11 | By Thomas J. Billitteri Introduction Former Goodyear manager Lilly Ledbetter won more than $3 million in a pay-discrimination suit against the tire firmRead MoreCrowdfunding20722 Words   |  83 Pagesthe possible occurrence of selection bias. The first problem arises because we would like to know the difference between the participants’ outcome with and without treatment. Clearly, we cannot observe both outcomes for the same individual at the same time. Taking the mean outcome of nonparticipants as an approximation is not advisable, since participants and nonparticipants usually differ even in the absence of treatment. This problem is known as selection bias and a good example is the case where

Intervention Course Outline Essay Example For Students

Intervention Course Outline Essay Intervention Course outline:Chapter 1. The Disease of Chemical Dependency TestWhat we know about the Disease.TestHow to Tell if someone you know is Chemically Dependent. TestChapter One Test 10% of courseChapter 2. The Emotional Syndrome of Chemical Dependency.Test What we know about the Emotional SyndromeTestHow Chemical Dependency Affects you.TestChapter Two Test 10% of courseChapter 3. The Delusional System of Chemical Dependency..TestWhat we know about the Delusional System.TestHow you become part of the Delusional System. ..TestChapter Three Test 10% of courseChapter 4. Preparing for the Intervention. TestConquering your own ReluctanceTestGathering the Intervention TeamTestGathering the DataTestRehearsing the InterventionTestFinalizing the detailsTestShould you seek Professional Help?. .TestChapter Four Test 20% of courseChapter 5. Doing the InterventionTestAn Intervention ScenarioTestWhat if the Intervention doesnt work..TestGetting help for yourself.Test Chapter Five Test 20% of course500 word essay, with Introduction 20 % of courseCompletion of 2 mock interventions supervised 10% of coursePsychology Essays

The Life and Times of Issac Newton Essay Example For Students

The Life and Times of Issac Newton Essay The Life and Times of Issac NewtonIn 1642 on Christmas Day an English mathematician, astronomer, and natural philosopher was born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England. Baby Isaac was born so premature that is was said he could fit into a quart pot. Newtons father who was a yeoman farmer died a few moths before Isaac was born. It was said that Isaac was to carry on the paternal farm when old enough. When Isaac was three his mother, Hannah Ayscough, married a clergyman from North Witham, the next village, and went to live with him leaving Isaac to live with his grandmother, Margery Ayscough. Treated like an orphan, Isaac did not have a very happy childhood. After eight years of marriage, his stepfather died and his mother came back with her three small children. Two years later Newton attended grammar school at Grantham. He lodged with the local apothecary where was fascinated with all the chemicals. His learning in school got the attention of many people. As a child, Isaac Newton had invented three things, which included a windmill that could grind wheat and corn, a water clock that was powered by water-drops, and a sundial, which can be seen today in the house in which he was born. At the age of fourteen he left school to help his mother take care of the farm but he was so busy reading, solving problems, making experiments, and devising mechanical models that his mother noticing this thought he need a more congenial job. His uncle who was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, recommended he should be sent there. In 1661, Isaac began his college life at Trinity College where he received his first degree in 1665. Newton lived here at Trinity from 1661 until 1696; during this time, he produced the bulk of his work in Mathematics. Also, during the year 1665 a plague broke out in Cambridge, which shut it down for parts of the year in 1665 and 1666. For these several months, Newton returned home. This period was crowded with great discoveries by Newton. He had begun to do regular work, and in the next two years, he discovered the binomial theorem, the method of tangents, and other important mathematical principles. When he was elected to join the Royal Society in 1672, it showed that he was highly regarded. For the last twenty-four years for his life, he served as president for the Royal Society. Also, in 1672 Newton published his first scientific paper on light and color in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Newton graduated in 1665 and four years later was appointed professor o f the math at Cambridge University. Newton was a bachelor who preferred to spend his time in study. In regards to all this studying Newton was best known for formulating the laws of gravity. It was one of the most important contributions in the history of natural science. Newtons first major public scientific achievement was the invention of the telescope. He designed and constructed it, ground his own mirror, built the tube and even made his own tools for the job. Newton also proved that white light was a combination of all the colors of the rainbow put together by shining a light threw a prism into a dark room. He invented a telescope and other things to be of great value to astronomers. Newton also made great discoveries in the world of math. He gave symbolic mathematics the name universal arithmetic. He is known for inventing calculus. This branch of mathematics is divided into two parts integral and differential calculus. Integral Calculus is used for measuring quantities by dividing them into many small parts, and Differential Calculus deals with the rates at which things change. His greatest work, which established the fundamental law of modern physics, was the Philosophical Naturalis Principia Mathematica, or the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. This book was known as the Principia. In 1687, it was published at the expense of Newtons friend, Edmund Halley, the astronomer. Newton hated the confrontations that came with the discoveries so he did not publish any of his work. His friends had to beg him to do

Kinesiology Scientific Basis Of Human Motion †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Kinesiology Scientific Basis Of Human Motion. Answer: As a toddler, most of my physical milestones which were expected by my parents were met in time. For example, through my toddler phase, I was breastfed for a shorter duration, and my weight and height growth expectations were accomplished, and I was soundly nourished. Most importantly, I gained gross motor skills including walking and crawling at an early age compared to the average age; eight months and five months respectively. Many exceptional motor skills were incorporated into my physical growth and development at normal phases, and have significantly contributed to my current coordination as a grownup. According to (Leonard et al. 2011), individual structural constraints include my height, which limits me in doing things which would involve reaching high places. Subsequently, my functional limitations include fear of getting injury due to prior experience. Additionally, I fear to visit the parks alone as a result of past attack experience by unknown people. I started developing my locomotion through crawling, that is, moving with abdomen and hands, then began moving with hands and knees. According to my mothers observations, I exhibited a type of crawling called belly crawl when I was at the age of 6 months. In this type of crawl, my mother recalls that I would keep my tummy against the floor while moving. After the crawling phase, my walking progressed and started becoming stable and mobile increasing my strides length. My mother narrates that his milestone was somehow difficult to learn since it demands much balance and strength. Notwithstanding, and unlike what most people would expect of me, I managed to sail through this phase with few hurdles. To learn to walk, I started by pulling myself up on items that were within my reach, including the leg of my mother, coffee table and plastic chairs. My base of support has also significantly reduced rotating my pelvis. According to my mothers observations, I started standing on my own and w ould move while holding furniture in the house as soon as I gained enough balance in my feet. On the same note, I have attained my ability to run due to physical maturation and growth resulting in improved running measures. Due to running, I can propel-self off the growth with either one or two feet and land on the ground with the two feet. Additionally, I have developed ballistic skills such as kicking. Essentially, these skills have developed by virtue of the strong impulse in the agonist's muscles creating momentum in the limbs as reported by Lee, Hinder, Hinder, Gandevia and Carroll (2010). I have also developed my manipulative skills through warm-ups before commencing any physical exercise, for example, through jumping jacks and stretching. This has enabled me to develop my ability to grasp objects. Hamilton (2011) outlines that, the gender typing and the belief that young people should not exercise are some of the socio-cultural impediments that constraint motor developments. Basically, these are the key beliefs that have affected my motor development as well. On the other hand, the psychosocial constraints include self-esteem and emotions. Emotions would involve stress associated with failure due to low ability while self-esteem would encompass lack of skills (Ulrich, 2013). References Hamilton, N. P. (2011).Kinesiology: scientific basis of human motion. Brown Benchmark. Lee, M., Hinder, M. R., Gandevia, S. C., Carroll, T. J. (2010). The ipsilateral motor cortex contributes to cross?limb transfer of performance gains after ballistic motor practice.The Journal of physiology,588(1), 201-212. Leonard, H. C., Bedford, R., Charman, T., Elsabbagh, M., Johnson, M. H., Hill, E. L. (2014). Motor development in children at risk of autism: a follow-up study of infant siblings.Autism,18(3), 281-291. Ulrich, D. A. (2013). The test of gross motor development-3 (TGMD-3): Administration, scoring, and international norms.SporBilimleriDergisi,24(2), 27-33.

The Science Of Life free essay sample

AYURVEDA the science of life which is the natural healing system to mankind. Ayurveda originated as part of Vedic science. Ayurveda includes herbal medicine, Dietities, body work, surgery, psychology and spirituality. AYU means life VEDA means science, so literally AYURVEDA means science of life. AYURVEDA is part of a new movement towards a global medicine that includes the best developments in the medicines of all lands of all the system. Ayurveda is probably the best point of synthesis for such a global medicine. One is impressed by the vast conceptual canvas and framework of Ayurveda. It is important to realize that Ayurveda is not confined to medicine only. The emphasis on the maintenance of positive health or Swastha Vritha is a distinguish feature of Ayurveda. In order to maintain positive health Ayurveda, prescribes specific daily routine Dinacharya and also a seasonal regime Ritucharya. In dinacharya great importance is given to diet which is to be taken in a proper way with regards to quality, quantity as well as frequency. We will write a custom essay sample on The Science Of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In daily regime Ayurveda advocates not to suppress certain natural physical wages like micturition, defecation, hunger, Sleep etc. On the other hand suppressions of harmful psychic urges is advocated by Ayurveda-like greed, fear, anger, vanity, jealousy, malice and excessive attachment to anything. Ayurveda gives equal importance to mental health for which a regime of ethical life (sadurutta) is prescribed. Strict mental discipline and strict adherence to moral values is considered a pre-requisite for mental health. The aim of Ayurveda is to promote health, increase immunity and resistance-and to cure Disease. Clinical approach in Ayurveda: There are three means open to the physicians for ascertaining the nature of any sideness. They are; Theoretical knowledge of the possible causes and symptoms and signand Complaints. †¢Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology(Shalakya) †¢Surgery( Shalya) In the absence of one or more of the three aids to diagnosis, or with they are fragmentary or incorrect knowledge. The physician cannot come to a true conclusion. The physician should integrate the patient about his com plaints in great detail. He should use the five senses of sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste. In addition to oral enquiring, fullness or emaciation of the body, state and indications of vitality, strength, complexion, etc.. are perceived by the sense of sight. The heat and coldness of the body, gluss, roughness, hardness or softness of the skin of the affected part as in fever or in edematous swelling of the body are perceptible by the sense of touch. The Voga making the blood ebullient, forces it up with a distinctly audible report and thus affects the sense of hearing. The characteristic swell emitted by an ulcer on its critical stage should be determined with the help of the organ of taste. Secretions or discharges should be tested with the organ of taste. In diabetes (PramchaMadu mcha) one should watch the urine being or not being swarmed with lots and thies.

AntiSocial Paper

AntiSocial Paper AntiSocial Paper The History of Antisocial Personality Disorder Individuals with a diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) are most notorious for a blatant disregard for the rights of others and the rules of society. They are usually manipulative, impulsive, deceitful, and lack any remorse. These personality traits are socially maladaptive and harmful (Torry however, individuals with psychopathy are also characterized by an arrogant and deceitful interpersonal style, callousness, and lack of emotionality (Zeier, Sommers, Newman, & Racer, 2011). In the past, anyone who participated in criminal acts would be looked down on and were often times persecuted. However, not everyone believed that these people should be punished for their actions. James Cowles Prichard felt that not all criminals should be condemned so he came up with the term â€Å"moral insanity†. Moral insanity was the word used to describe the body as being effected with a disease that causes a person to partake in criminal acts. In his book, A Treatise on Insani ty and Other Disorders Affecting the Mind, he stated â€Å"I have described a form of mental derangement, under the title of moral insanity, consisting in disorder of the moral affections and propensities, without any symptom of illusion or error impressed on the understanding† (Prichard, 1837). Throughout the book Prichard is trying to convince people that insane individuals acted out not because they wanted to but because they were forced to do so. Ceasare Lombroso is another pioneer in the development of the phrase antisocial personality disorder. Lombrosso thought that the bodies of criminals were different than the bodies of law abiding citizens. He believed that criminals shared anatomical, similar, structures with our Neanderthal ancestors. The more a person looked like a beast, the more crime they would commit. Today people who has antisocial personality disorder are viewed as having a mental disability. However, a lot of people with this disorder are currently in jail instead of receiving the

Barrack Obama’s Campaign Speech Essay Example

Barrack Obama’s Campaign Speech Essay Example Barrack Obama’s Campaign Speech Essay Barrack Obama’s Campaign Speech Essay Communication can be defined as the act/art of exchanging/transmission of ideas or information by the agencies of address. marks. written agencies and the behaviour. It was the juncture of the America’s Presidential campaigners Campaign when the Illinois Senator Barrack Hussein Obama delivered the address denoting his will of seeking the democratic nomination for presidential term in 2008. It was on Saturday eventide ( 19. 06GMT ) of February 10th 2007 on the Venue of Springfield. when the Senator Barrack Obama now the Elect president of United States of America delivered the persuasive address used on this focus paper. In this Address it magnificently exploits the elements of address. First. The campaigner Senator Obama by that clip was really prepared for the juncture against the rescue of the astonishing address towards the audience. His debut of the address appreciates all the audience nowadays and acknowledge their critical function they do play for that juncture. For cases He starts by thanking all the people for their approaching and gives the grounds why the juncture was really of import to every person. His debut captures the attending of the audience giving clip to present his message. Part of debut was †¦it’s humbling but in my bosom I know you didn’t come here merely for me. you came here because you believe in what this state can be. Second there is use of being yourself ’ while giving the address. The Senator gives personal and professional illustrations and life history exactly. perchance assisting him to derive support to stress his ain points of the run. The self-example messages lucifers with the bound intents of the Campaign. Third. Obama stayed relaxed throughout the address bringing session. really composed and maximum prepared for the result. He remained focused on go throughing the message. He excessively employed other agencies of speech presentation such as movement/ walking. gestures. In add-on. the Senator used the Natural wit and avoided depicting/ nailing an person from the Audience and he didn’t over do it therefore keeping the audience on move of the address. The other component that I figure was the Body programs and manus places. I keenly observed the motion and gestures of the Senator. He moved within the three places – the right. the centre and the left- and the manus place was good managed and maintained throughout the session. He didn’t hide behind the lectern and he magnificently maintained the oculus contact with the audience throughout the address session. Lastly of the elements of address. the Senator was really acute and good informed about every detailed he presented. He used the environmental mention that surrounded the Venue suitably on his address. He understands what is the past. presently and the future occurrence of the immediate land. He keenly observes the audience to an extent of placing some classmates but he didn’t mention their names. †¦friends that I see in the audience. . Speech Accomplishment: The address is carry throughing the existent mission of the Senator while being elected as the president of United States of America. He explains out what he will carry through for the state when he will be in power. He gives new hope the people of America ; to believe that yes he can’ conveying peace where there is war. convey hope where there is desperation. make what is more possible and construct a more perfect brotherhood. The Senator aspires to set up convergence topographic point where the husbandmans. instructors. pupils. business communities. labourers. immature and the aged. male and female. rich and the poor’s clamour can be heard. The address intends to carry through the enlightenment of the US people the being of presumption in the present authorities naming for the alteration. in the faces of the down he will increase the employment chances in order to raise the 1000000s out of poorness. Welcome the immigrants to the shores of America and experience justness and righteousness around the Earth. The Senator contemplates the presently position of the US and around the Earth and promises to carry through missions such as to slake the anxiousness of the feel of lifting wellness attention costs and the semblances of the dead rewards. to convey the war in Iraq to an terminal by conveying the military personnels back place by March following twelvemonth and give Sunni and Shia to decide the job and convey out peace. minimise oil dependence that is endangering America’s hereafter. transfuse an ethic accomplishments in kids by puting high criterions of larning supplying the resources for them to win. enrolling the new ground forces of instructors and giving them the hitter wage and more support for the exchange of answerability. doing colleges low-cost and puting in the scientific researches. to reshape the economic system. beef up the communities. to cut bureaucratism by usage of engineering. free America from the Tyranny Oil. work out the crisis of planetary heating by inve ntion and by cresting the nursery gases. give inducements for the concerns. and destructing the deadliest unguarded arms. The Speech was a persuasive. since it is carrying the people of America to elect the Senator as the President of America by voting for him in the twelvemonth 2008. It was evidenced in his address as persuasive where he says †¦If you will fall in me in this unlikely pursuit. if you feel destiny naming. and see as I see. a hereafter of eternal possibility stretching before us. if you sense as I sense. that the clip is now to agitate of our sleep. and slough off our fright. and do good on the debt we owe the yesteryear and the future coevalss. so I am ready to take up the cause. and lucifer with you and work with you to complete the work that needs to be done. The chief purpose of the address was to carry for ballots that resulted to the bringing of the address. But on the procedure he enlightens the people the critically analyze and keenly do judgement for the best following US president. I can besides state it is enlightening to some extent that it elaborates the incidences that have been taking topographic point and the others that are likely to take topographic point in the United States of America. Audience’s reaction towards the address was really claping during the address presentation and so the audience was really pleased with the astonishing address. contented that Obama can do out to be the best campaigner to be elected and really defeated with the old cloaked authorities. The address disclosed the factual facts to the audience. which was the extinction of the long thirst. the beginning of the new hope and the alteration on which the Americans can believe in. At some points the battalion nodded their caputs as a mark of concession/ understanding to what was spoken. and at some point the audience was commiseration as a mark of how sympathetic and hapless the state of affairs was in as per that clip. The form of address was consecutive. topical and spacial. The address was consecutive since it has the debut. the organic structure and the decision as the construction of the address. Obama welcoming the audience. he presents his address ( The organic structure ) where he factually speaks of what he should make when he will be in power. he identifies what to alter and or better. what to introduce and implement. what changes he is able to convey. what was the defects the old authorities. and eventually he give out his decision of anticipating the people of America to vote for him if they want the alteration they can believe in. The address was besides topical since Obama Generally emphasizes on the Change that that Americans can Believe in. He bases his ain address on alteration and often references change throughout his address. Despite of holding other minor subjects such as talking about instruction. the economic system. war. resources and the political history his chief subject was about alteration. To some extent but non really. the address was descriptive. It entails what to be done. how. when and by whom. Obama described in his address for case that the lone beginning for alteration in America is people. the lone peace in war at Iraq lies between Sunn and Shia. the lone manner to thrive in future is by making the present that needs to be done. Besides Obama gave the graphic description on how to work out some of the durable jobs in America. For case the job of planetary heating can be solved by inventions that can tap the nursery gases. making more occupation chances. investings can work out the job of poorness. pattern of justness and constitution of converges to listen the clamour of each and every one in the US. In decision. Communication is the transmittal of information from one individual to another. The juncture of the address was during the run of the Presidential campaigner of America on Democratic Party at Springfield. The utilised elements of address were such as being prepared for the address presentation. being yourself when stand foring address. being composed and contented when presenting address. organic structure program and hands place. gestures and motions. Accomplishment of the address was to convert the audience to vote for Him/ Change. The type of address was persuasive as he persuades for the ballots. the reactions of the audience was a mark of relieve or being relieved if Obama was to be the president and so he became. Finally the form of the address is Sequential. topical and somehow spacial. Mentions: 1. Public Talking an Audience-Centered Approach By Steven A. Beebe and Susan J. Beebe. ( 2008 ) 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. defender. co. uk/world/2007/feb/10/barackobama. 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ljlseminars. com/elements. htm. 4. Organization Pattern Of Speech By Osborn ( 2000 ) .

Brooklyn Bridge Construction and History

Brooklyn Bridge Construction and History Of all the engineering advances in the 1800s, the Brooklyn Bridge stands out as perhaps the most famous and most remarkable. It took more than a decade to build, cost the life of its designer, and was constantly criticized by skeptics who predicted the entire structure was going to collapse into New Yorks East River. When it opened on May 24, 1883, the world took notice and the entire U.S. celebrated. The great bridge, with its majestic stone towers and graceful steel cables, isnt just a beautiful New York City landmark. Its also a very dependable route for many thousands of daily commuters. John Roebling and His Son Washington John Roebling, an immigrant from Germany, did not invent the suspension bridge, but his work building bridges in America made him the most prominent bridge builder in the U.S. in the mid-1800s. His bridges over the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh (completed in 1860) and over the Ohio River at Cincinnati (completed 1867) were considered remarkable achievements. Roebling began dreaming of spanning the East River between New York and Brooklyn (which were then two separate cities) as early as 1857 when he drew designs for enormous towers that would hold the bridges cables. The Civil War put any such plans on hold, but in 1867 the New York State legislature chartered a company to build a bridge across the East River. Roebling was chosen as its chief engineer. Just as work was beginning on the bridge in the summer of 1869, tragedy struck. John Roebling severely injured his foot in a freak accident as he was surveying the spot where the Brooklyn tower would be built. He died of lockjaw not long after, and his son Washington Roebling, who had distinguished himself as a Union officer in the Civil War, became chief engineer of the bridge project. Challenges Met by the Brooklyn Bridge Talk of somehow bridging the East River began as early as 1800, when large bridges were essentially dreams. The advantages of having a convenient link between the two growing cities of New York and Brooklyn were obvious. But the idea was thought to be impossible because of the width of the waterway, which, despite its name, wasn’t really a river. The East River is actually a saltwater estuary, prone to turbulence and tidal conditions. Further complicating matters was the fact that the East River was one of the busiest waterways on earth, with hundreds of crafts of all sizes sailing on it at any time. Any bridge spanning the water would have to allow for ships to pass beneath it, meaning a very high suspension bridge was the only practical solution. And the bridge would have to be the largest bridge ever built, nearly twice the length of the famed Menai Suspension Bridge, which had heralded the age of great suspension bridges when it opened in 1826. Pioneering Efforts of the Brooklyn Bridge Perhaps the greatest innovation dictated by John Roebling was the use of steel in the construction of the bridge. Earlier suspension bridges had been built of iron, but steel would make the Brooklyn Bridge much stronger. To dig the foundations for the bridge’s enormous stone towers, caissons- enormous wooden boxes with no bottoms- were sunk in the river. Compressed air was pumped into them, and men inside would dig away at the sand and rock on the river bottom. The stone towers were built atop the caissons, which sank deeper into the river bottom.Caisson work was extremely difficult, and the men doing it, called â€Å"sandhogs,† took great risks. Washington Roebling, who went into the caisson to oversee work, was involved in an accident and never fully recovered. An invalid after the accident, Roebling stayed in his house in Brooklyn Heights. His wife Emily, who trained herself as an engineer, would take his instructions to the bridge site every day. Rumors thus abounded that a woman was secretly the chief engineer of the bridge. Years of Construction and Rising Costs After the caissons had been sunk to the river bottom, they were filled with concrete, and the construction of the stone towers continued above. When the towers reached their ultimate height, 278 feet above high water, work began on the four enormous cables that would support the roadway. Spinning the cables between the towers began in the summer of 1877, and was finished a year and four months later. But it would take nearly another five years to suspend the roadway from the cables and have the bridge ready for traffic. The building of the bridge was always controversial, and not just because skeptics thought Roebling’s design was unsafe. There were stories of political payoffs and corruption, rumors of carpet bags stuffed with cash being given to characters like  Boss Tweed, the leader of the political machine known as Tammany Hall. In one famous case, a manufacturer of wire rope sold inferior material to the bridge company. The shady contractor, J. Lloyd Haigh, escaped prosecution. But the bad wire he sold is still in the bridge, as it couldn’t be removed once it was worked into the cables. Washington Roebling compensated for its presence, ensuring the inferior material wouldn’t affect the strength of the bridge. By the time it was finished in 1883, the bridge had cost about $15 million, more than twice what John Roebling had originally estimated. While no official figures were kept on how many men died building the bridge, it has been reasonably estimated that about 20 to 30 men perished in various accidents. The Grand Opening The grand opening for the bridge was held on May 24, 1883. Some Irish residents of New York took offense as the day happened to be the birthday of Queen Victoria, but most of the city turned out to celebrate. President Chester A. Arthur came to New York City for the event, and led a group of dignitaries who walked across the bridge. Military bands played, and cannons in the Brooklyn Navy Yard sounded salutes. A number of speakers lauded the bridge, calling it a Wonder of Science and lauding its anticipated contribution to commerce. The bridge became an instant symbol of the age. Its early years are the stuff of both tragedy and legend, and today, nearly 150 years since its completion, the bridge functions every day as a vital route for New York commuters. And while the roadway structures have been changed to accommodate automobiles, the pedestrian walkway is still a popular attraction for strollers, sightseers, and tourists.

How to Conjugate Nourrir (to Feed) in French

How to Conjugate Nourrir (to Feed) in French If you can remember that it also means to nourish, you can  associate the French verb  nourrir  with to feed. Its also important to remember that its different from  manger, which means to eat.  The primary difference is that  nourrir  is typically used when feeding someone else, not necessarily eating food yourself. Along with memorizing the word nourrir, youll also need to know its conjugations. This lesson will introduce you to the most basic of those so you can say things like I fed and we are feeding. The Basic Conjugations of  Nourrir Proper French grammar requires verb conjugations so the verb may be used to form complete sentences. The most common conjugates are in the indicative mood, which let you express  nourrir  in the present, future, or imperfect past tense. Nourrir  is a  regular -ir verb. This means it follows a relatively common conjugation pattern found in French. If youve studied verbs like  reunir  (to reunite)  or  punir  (to punish), you can apply the same endings you learned for those to this verb. In any conjugation, its important to identify the verb stem (or radical) before anything else. For  nourrir, that is  nourr-. From there, youll add a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense. The chart will help you learn which ending is required. For instance,  I am feeding is  je nourris  and we will feed is  nous nourrirons. Present Future Imperfect je nourris nourrirai nourrissais tu nourris nourriras nourrissais il nourrit nourrira nourrissait nous nourrissons nourrirons nourrissions vous nourrissez nourrirez nourrissiez ils nourrissent nourriront nourrissaient The Present Participle of  Nourrir As with all regular -ir verbs, the present participle of nourrir is formed with an -issant ending. This produces the word nourrissant. Nourrir  in the Compound Past Tense The compound past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. It requires the  past participle  nourri  along with an auxiliary verb, in this case,  avoir. Begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject, then attach  nourri. This results in compounds such as  jai nourri  (I fed) and  nous avons nourri  (we fed). More Simple Conjugations of  Nourrir While you can learn more complex conjugations, a few more simple forms of  nourrir  will round out this introductory lesson. Theyre useful in a few different circumstances and can really help out your French vocabulary. The subjunctive  is a verb mood that implies uncertainty to the act of feeding.  The conditional  says that the action will only happen under certain conditions. Though you may only find the literary tenses of  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  in written French, they are still good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je nourrisse nourrirais nourris nourrisse tu nourrisses nourrirais nourris nourrisses il nourrisse nourrirait nourrit nourrà ®t nous nourrissions nourririons nourrà ®mes nourrissions vous nourrissiez nourririez nourrà ®tes nourrissiez ils nourrissent nourriraient nourrirent nourrissent The  imperative  is the one time in French verbs when its okay to skip the subject pronoun. When using it, feel free to simplify  tu nourris  to  nourris. Imperative (tu) nourris (nous) nourrissons (vous) nourrissez

Marketing Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Dynamics - Essay Example This essay is developed in order to understand marketing dynamics of the green marketing and consumers. There are various consumer concerns which are impacting the decision making process and buying behaviour of consumers. Organisations need to understand these patterns in order to identify threats and opportunities and develop strategies according to that. There are various macro environmental factors which influence green consumer. These factors can be related to the infrastructure of the company, use and wastage of resources of the company, final product, recycle ness of the product and the work environment it has been providing to its employees. The case study in the paper analyses the Hewlett Packard efforts for the environmental and green marketing has created value for Hewlett Packard, industry and society as a whole. The efforts of Hewlett Packard company have been taken well by the stakeholder communities. It has been able to create a sustainable brand value through this. It took initiatives and efforts to gain attention of competitors and policy makers for the environmental friendly concerns. It is summed up that all its efforts have been focused toward its final consumer. The researcher also states that the focus of consumers has been toward the environmental and eco-sensitive factors as well along with the product and value a company offers for the price consumer is paying. The number of customers and consumer are increasing who are more aware and concerned about the environment.

Creating a Business Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating a Business - Term Paper Example Where capital sourcing is not a problem, the biggest challenge is coming up with a business idea. New business ideas can be generated from one’s previous work or industry experience, hobby or interest, or from an evident opportunity that comes out of an existing need or demand of a potential market. The type of business may either be service oriented, manufacturing, or retailing. Another decision to consider is the form of organization, whether to operate as a single owner, or as a partnership or a corporation. It is important to consider one’s personal strength or weaknesses in determining which type of business to undertake for greater success (www.prenhall.com). Finally, there is the challenge of putting everything into a written business plan, which serves as the business road map. The business plan contains the description of the proposed business, industry analysis (including SWOT analysis), mission and vision statement, product development (goods or services), proposed location of the business, management plan, marketing plan (target market, niche or mainstream, pricing and distribution), financial plan, and the scope of operation (local, national, or global) (www.prenhall.com). A â€Å"niche† product is a specialized good or service that is produced or offered to satisfy the special demand or need of a smaller segment targeted market of an existing or mainstream market. It is narrow in focus and is â€Å"designed to appeal to a subset of the mainstream† (www.homebiz-direct.com) Within a stable economic condition, good management and marketing strategies, a niche company may have an advantage in a market because there are few market players less competitors. A niche company’s specialization in a niche product or service is in the best position to address increasing customer satisfaction level in that niche. Another advantage is that a niche company can dictate the price of the niche commodity. However, price would only be an

Globalization and Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Globalization and Media - Essay Example The influence brought about by globalization in the music industry underscores the intercultural influence, the problems on piracy, and impact on locally produced music around the world. Hollywood as Center of Globalized Music A place in the United States called Hollywood is almost entirely synonymous to talent, fame, and glamour. This is still true if looking at the history of the birthplace of global music. Hollywood in 1915 spells out the â€Å"professional [and] polished recorded entertainment† (Williams 1). Ever since, Hollywood is a center of musical dream and fame. Nowadays, its capacity to reach the global audience is an advantage to influence their message, trend, and philosophy. The dawning of modern technology has increased this capacity, that in a span of minutes, the audience from the other side of the globe would be able to listen to a new song performance. This speedy access of American music has threatened the locally produced music from other countries. Althou gh foreign artists can enter into the Hollywood realm, their percentage is discriminate and cannot prove an exchange of culture in music. More so, the musical performance of these foreign artists is of American standard and influence. In this note, the so called ‘globalization of music’ becomes questionable. ... However, even if in the presence of such agreement, the local music industry still fears to be eaten up by dominant countries. Figure 1 of Appendix A shows the status of international music with respect to its country between the years 2003-2007. It clearly shows that the American music, dominates the rest of the local music industries in the international market. Its nearest contender according to statistics, United Kingdom, is shown to be too distant to be actually called a competitor. As stated earlier, the ability of the American artists to have a larger share of audience stemmed from Hollywood’s extensive market share. Multimedia has helped the success of the American music into the international scene. Figure 2 of Appendix A shows the latest report of the International Federation of Phonographic Industry (IFPI) on the top selling songs last 2010. Noticeably, all of the said songs and albums were produced in the United States which serves as a proof that American songs do minate the international airwaves. The songs on the list all made international success and made the country as â€Å"the largest digital music market in the world† (IFPI, 12). Since the radio is not the only means of distributing music and the internet is readily available for anyone to use, the influence brought about by the internationalization of music has become phenomenal. Such influence and fast access of music helped raise global awareness through charity-run music; however the downside of modern music videos spread throughout the continents. Globalized Music and Its Influence Sparks rise from the glamour of what has been called â€Å"models† of influence in the media. Through music, one can express message and sentiments that could trigger more

Paper about a speech Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About a speech - Research Paper Example King claims that America has defaulted on this promise—an example of logos within his speech. Furthermore, he uses pathos and logos to effectively appeal to the audiences. King’s repetition of the phrase â€Å"I have a dream† is intended to emphasize his dream of equality for African Americans. To that end, within his speech King incorporates metaphors and vivid imagery in the hopes that even a place like Mississippi, â€Å"a state sweltering with the heat of injustice †¦ [and] oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice† (2712). Martin Luther King, Jr. attended segregated schools in Georgia. In 1948, he received his Bachelor’s of Arts from Morehouse College. After study theology at the Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, he enrolled at Boston University, where he received his doctorate. In Boston he met his wife, Coretta Scott. In 1954 King became the pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alaba ma. At this time he was a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). King was always an advocate of civil rights, and in December 1955 he became the leader of the first nonviolent Negro demonstration, the bus boycott in Montgomery that lasted 382 days.

The Risks of Unprotected Sex among Australian Teenagers Essay

The Risks of Unprotected Sex among Australian Teenagers - Essay Example These contacts will be used as the source for statistics relating to incidence of HIV/AIDS, other STIs, and unplanned pregnancy among young people. Palliative Care Worker Add Details. A palliative care worker will be interviewed for more information about living and dying with HIV/AIDS. Anonymous An anonymous teenage source will be interviewed to get their opinion on subjects relevant to the articles, such as unprotected sex and thoughts on the consequences. AVERT This site is being used as the source of all factual information about the physical effects of HIV/AIDS and other STIs. AVERT This section of the AVERT web site contains real life stories from teenagers who have HIV/AIDS. Some have contracted the virus through having unprotected sex. Secondary Sources Health Insite - Contraception The Health Insite web pages are a collection of many different sources of information. It is included here to show the source of the various other page links. All direct links from this site have been reviewed by Health Insite's editorial team to ensure the quality of information is high. Health Insite - Safe Sex A collection of articles relating to safe sex in Australia. Teen Health Topics - Are you Ready for Sex This site provides advice for teenagers on safe sex and deciding if they are ready to have sex. This will be used to help readers decide these questions for themselves. Family Planning Association Fact Sheets These are a collection of pamphlets containing a... With unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) a very real risk of unprotected sex, my intent with this project is to provide the full facts to young people. I believe that many young people ignore contraception simply because they are unaware of the issues, or because they have not been presented with the issues in a way that makes them real. Teenagers especially always think "it won't happen to me". My intent is to show them that it does happen to people like you. I intend to interview and collect information from people and sources that clearly show the devastating effect unprotected sex can have on teenagers, from unwanted pregnancy to HIV/AIDS. The Health Insite web pages are a collection of many different sources of information. It is included here to show the source of the various other page links. All direct links from this site have been reviewed by Health Insite's editorial team to ensure the quality of information is high. This study shows a high correlation between sexual knowledge and sexual confidence.

A society & dominated Essay Example for Free

A society dominated Essay In a society dominated by pop culture, fashion always comes into play. For pop culture always requires novelty, and people has to keep up with the trends as time changes. Fashion has affected almost all aspect of the Homo sapiens way of living for it is the key to change. And because fashion takes many forms as time changes it had even infiltrated our mindset in setting a standard for a good physique—the very idea of sexy per se. In line with this, two writers discuss how fashion has greatly affected the psyche of both male and female of this generation as to how they perceive the image of a sexy person. Andrea Heiman in her article â€Å"When a Fad Does a Body Harm† and Rita Kemply’s article â€Å"Boys and the Beefcake Images† have pointed out that fashion has created a venue for other people to abuse their body and to live an unhealthy lifestyle. That is girls starving themselves to death to look perfectly thin and boys excessively using steroids to live up to the very concept of machismo today. Both Heiman and Kemply agree that a change in fashion as subject to the body form of both men and women has become hazardous to health. However the two authors have taken different sides to explain why this scenario happens. On the one hand Heiman, the feminist said that women starved themselves to death because being thin has become the epitome of looking really good to most men. As women strive to be part of the arena dominated by men, fashion has created ways to repress them. By looking frail men still claims their superiority over women. On the other hand Kemply perceive that the primary reason why men use steroids to maintain the so-called masculine image is that they are being judge with their physicality. Kemply said that women have created a standard that most men look attractive when they have muscles, lean body and no beer bellies. Both authors were able to explain how fashion can become hazardous to one’s health. However it is not sound that the reason why these circumstances happen is blamed on the perception of male and female toward the ideal look of a sexy body. For both genders are just victims of the so called pop culture. Moreover, pop culture has their psyche conditioned to that kind of notion to a point that their self-esteem becomes low. People should not judge a person based on how he or she looks. A standard of looking sexy should not be made for it is not the physical aspects of a person that counts most when we are trying to build a healthy relationship. In addition, fashion should be the melting pot of change that could benefit every regardless of gender. It should not be the key to affect the mentality of everyone that would cause to detrimental effects to our body.

Impact Of The Social Class On Life Sociology Essay

Impact Of The Social Class On Life Sociology Essay Social class in todays society is changing. Material factors still govern lifestyle choices and that these are class related. Class identity has come to depend not only on market situation but on differences and similarities in power and status, as well as consumption and lifestyle. Social mobility describes the movement or opportunities for movement between different social groups and the pros and the cons that come with it, example income and wealth, housing, education and health. Opportunities for social mobility are one aspect of an individuals life chances. The traditionalists believe that New Labour politicians have abandoned their commitment to equality and social justice for those who are exploited by organisation of capitalism, (the working class). They believe that New Labour has betrayed its working class roots because it has done nothing to redistribute wealth and income from the rich to the poor, nor address the fundamental flaws that they see as inherent in the capitalist system. Giddens and Diamond (2005), however, argues that the arguments of the traditionalists are both simplistic and misguided because of their instances that equality of outcome and equality of opportunity are somehow vastly different objectives. They argue that the promotion of equality opportunity requires greater material and it is impossible for individuals to achieve their full potential if social and economic starting-points are unequal. Giddens and Diamond argue that since 1997, New Labours policies on social exclusion lowered levels of poverty among children and elderly which have put a stop in further rise in income inequality. They however accept the fact that there is still a long way to go in reducing inequalities of opportunity. They note that the life-chances of individuals today are still influenced by their parents economic and social position. Bottero (2005) suggest that social inequalities are written on the body and hierarchy makes you sick. She notes that if illness was chance occurrence, we would expect to see rate of morbidity (illness and diseases) and mortality (death) randomly distribute across the population. Statistics from the Department of Health shows that the working class experience an overproportionate amount of illness. Over the last 30 years the health across the population has improved but the rate of improvement for working class is much slower. The working class experience poor mortality rate and morbidity rate than the middle class. For example, 3500 working class babies would survive per year if the working class mortality rate was reduced to the middle class level. Babies born to professional fathers have levels of infant mortality half that of babies born to unskilled manual fathers. The death rates between 1972 and 1997 shows that, the death rate for the professionals fell by 44 per cent but fell only by 10 per cent for the unskilled. Bartley et al. (1996) note that men in social class 1 (using the old RG scale) had two-thirds the chance of dying between 1986 and 1989 compared with the male population as a whole. Unskilled manual workers were one-third likely to die compared with male population as a whole. Men in social class V were twice likely to die before men in social class 1 despite NHs providing free health to all. However, Bottero note that: There is strong socio-economic gradient to almost all patterns of diseases and ill-health. The lower your socio-economic position, the greater your risk of low birth weight, infections, cancer, coronary heart disease, respiratory diseases, stroke, accidents, nervous and mental illness. She point out that there are specific occupational hazards linked to particular manual jobs which increases the risk of accidental injury, exposure to toxic materials, pollution and many more. Poor people are more likely to live in areas in which there are more hazards, such as traffic and pollution, and less safe area to play. Consequently, poor children are more likely to be run over and suffer asthma. Some studies have suggested that there are health gradient, in that at every level of social hierarchy, there are health differences. Marmot et al (1991) have suggested that social positions may be blamed for these differences. They conducted a study on civil servant working in Whitehall and concluded that the cause of ill health was being lower in the hierarchy. Those low in the hierarchy had less social control over their working condition, greater stress and greater feeling of self esteem. These psychological factors lead to behaviour such as smoking and drinking, poor eating habits and inactivity resulting in greater level of depression, high blood pressure, increase in susceptibility to infection and build-up of cholesterol. Wilkinson (1996), argue that health gradient is caused by income inequality. This is because it undermines social cohesion in the sense that we all have valued equally by society which affirms our sense of belonging to society. Inequalities also disrupt social cohesion because it undermines self-esteem, dignity, trust and cooperation and increases feelings of insecurity, envy, hostility and inferiority, which lead to stress. Wilkinson notes that egalitarian societies have a strong community life, in that strong social ties and networks exist in the wider society to support their members. These members have access to social and psychological support from other members in the community which helps them to stay healthy. Although there has been increase in income, employment and educational attainment that have been occurred in the United Kingdom, there has also been a long-term increase in the health of the population. There is still strong relationship between how long people live and their background. Over the 1990s, the gap between most advantaged and most disadvantaged has narrowed. This is because there have been greater improvements in mortality at younger ages for those from unskilled manual background. The rate of premature death have fallen for all social classes over the past 30 years but the gap has widened relatively for men and the improvement were greater for men at the professional and managerial end of the spectrum. Between 1986 and 1992 the death rate for men in the skilled and unskilled manual groups was 69 per cent greater than professional and managerial men. While between 1997 and 1999 the rate was 75 per cent greater than for the professions. On the other hand, the improvements in the death rate for women were greater for skilled and unskilled manual groups than professional and managerial women. This made the percentage difference in the rate smaller by the end of the 1990s. Men in partly-skilled and unskilled occupation were five and a half times more likely to die from respiratory diseases than professionals and managerial between the period of 1986 to 1999. The levels of ischaemic heart diseases declined for all social groups whereas the fall was small for manual workers. Smoking is the major cause of death rate in the manual group compared with those in the non-manual group. A third of people in a routine or manual household were current smokers. This has changed over the past five years and compares with less than 19 per cent of the people in managerial or professional households. A major review of health inequalities by BBC news health correspondent Jane Dreaper says that NHS should spend more money illness than the current four per cent it is spending. More money should be spent on providing help for people to stop smoking. Report by epidemiologist Sir Marmot, also says that every child should be given the best of start in life. Every child needs to be nurtured at an early stage. Some mothers from less well-off families who do not cuddle or talk to their children makes the children develop behavioural and cognitive problems when they are three years of age. These children have less readiness to learn and the problem continues. The current review of minimum wage of  £5.80 an hour by then mayor of London Ken Livingstone and continued by Boris Johnson is below the level needed for a healthy life. It is calculated that Londoners need an hourly wage 16% higher than the national minimum rate to lift them above poverty. Minimum income should allow people to consume healthy diet, take exercises and have access to technology such as broadband that enable them to maintain social network. In conclusion, the diversity of social groups such as unemployed, single mothers and the asylum-seekers are socially excluded from the mainstream society which makes them experience social and economic deprivation. Certain diseases shows differences among people from different socio-economic background.

Concert Critique of Mozart and The Height of Classicism Essay -- Analy

Concert Critique of Mozart and The Height of Classicism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Sunday, December 07, 2003, I attended the Mozart and The Height of Classicism concert that was held in the Lincoln Theater of the New World Symphony orchestral academy. Conducted by Nicholas McGegan featuring pianist Robert Levin. There were two pieces of music during this concert, one of the movements was performed by the pianist alone as a solo, Mr. Robert Levin. The program’s title was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Chaconne from Idomeneo. The first piece was Concerto No. 24 in C minor for Piano and Orchestra, K. 491, Allegro, Larghetto, and Allegretto. The second piece was Symphony No. 36 in C major, K.425, â€Å"Linz†, Adagio-Allegro spiritoso, Andante, Menuetto-Trio, and Presto. This concert was unique in that the focus seemed to be as much on the instruments as in the music itself. As the pianist and conductor expressed the form of improvisation as Mozart did, which I will explain further on my critique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concert began promptly at 3pm, when the conductor Nicholas McGegan entered the stage with the full theater clapping, along all the members of the orchestra. All the men and women in the orchestra including the conductor were wearing all black suits. Prior to his entrance I noticed that the orchestra began to play, it was obvious that the concert had not begun, so I realized that they were just toning their instruments. This also, happened when we returned from intermission. Being my first time to an orchestra I first thought that they were playing around with the instruments. The Allegro part was very good. I found my self enjoying the most the beginnings and endings of the movements. It also sounded very happy, and bright. This one and Larghetto I enjoyed fully since it was the beginning of the concert. This was my first time attending an orchestral concert. I noticed how beautiful the music sounded and I began to appreciate it a lot more. I can admit that how great and enjoyable was, that I was in a bit of a shock. This was nothing compared to listening to a compact disc. I can say that my favorite instrument was the violin. The play it was played, and how beautifully it sounded, it was like nothing I’ve hear before. In this orchestra I noticed that most violinist were mostly women. I think that this was because women have more sensitivity, which seemed necessary to play the i... ...rs where the violins, viola, cello, flutes, bassoon, French horns and timpani played a bigger role. I’m not saying that this piano concerto was horrible but I just didn’t enjoy as much the piano’s performance in those two movements. It might have been the pianist interpretation, and exercise of improvisation. These two movements were the last performance of the pianist and once the second movement ended the piano was removed from the orchestra. Mr. Robert Levin received his applause once he finished and when he walked back from the curtains. Over all I did love the concert because it was the same style of classicism. The last two movements Menuetto-Trio and Presto were conducted by Nicholas McGegan. My favorite was definitely the last one, because it was so exciting, energetic and fast paced. The timpani as well as all the other instruments sounded great. The timpani in this movement played louder and more frequently that all the other movements, including th e previous piece. There was only one percussionist and he played two timpani. So finally, I’ll end by saying again that the concert was great, and very well performed. I look forward to attending the New World Symphony again.

Boundaries of Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the K

Boundaries of Fate and Free Will in Oedipus the King    The ancient Greeks firmly believed that the universe was guided strictly by order and fate. In Oedipus the King, Sophocles has examined the relationship between free will and fate, suggesting that free will paradoxically exists inside the boundaries of fate. It may be concluded, however, that man has free will and is ultimately held responsible for his own actions.    Oedipus' destruction was brought about by a combination of fate and free will. He was a victim of fate for it was foretold at his birth that he would marry his mother and murder his father. This prophecy, as warned by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi was unconditional and inevitably would come to pass, no matter what he may have done to avoid it. His past actions were determined by fate, but what he did in Thebes, he did so of his own will.    Oedipus took many actions leading to his own downfall. Oedipus for one could have waited for the plague to end, but out of compassion for his suffering people, he had Creon go to Delphi. Another action that hastened his downfal... ...sunderstanding the Oedipus Rex." Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Michael J. O'Brien.   New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1968.   17-29.    Knox, Bernard M. W.   The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy. Berkeley: U of California Press, 1964.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    Sophocles.   "Oedipus Rex."   An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed.Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al.   New York: Longman, 1997.   

Humans and Animals Difference Essay

More than 100 million animals every year suffer and die in cruel chemical, drug, food and cosmetic tests, biology lessons, medical training exercises, and curiosity-driven medical experiments Define and explain animal testing. Is there a need for medical research to be carried out using animal experimentation or are there alternatives to using animals in medical research? What is Animal Testing? Animal testing can also known as animal experimentation or it is also known animal research. Animal research is a fundamental part of scientist and medical process. Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advance. It is also continue to aid our understanding of various diseases. Animal research is where animals are being used in research projects, and they are also being used as a part of a range of scientific techniques. All these have stated above have included in human trials, cell culture, computer modeling and others. Besides that, animal testing also known as in vivo testing. In vivo testing, they use the non-human animals to experiment. On the other hand, it is also can explain as experimentation that using living organism as opposed to a dead organism. Having animal research are necessary in many areas. Consideration about medical research on animals, it is an important aspect or a key to discovering and develop new treatments in the medical field. Besides that, by doing animal testing, we also can find out the lasts solution in medical research. It is necessary to have animal testing because some of the animals have the certain characteristic that have similarity to human beings. And only by doing medical research on animal we can find out the way to make a better improvement on human’s health. Animal studies are highly informative part of biomedical research. And animal research might be one of the important ways to answer the question that further our understanding of biology. Thus, they consider that using animals is the only way we can test the effect of a genetic mutation, or cancerous cell on the whole body. However, they believe that doing animal research will always help to discover ways to help people and perhaps on others animal in the future. Some of the animal that can immune to diseases which humans can contract and when an efficient amount of testing is done, they will apply all those traits on humans. To determine which preventive solution to be use on human, there is necessary to have research on animals. Humans and animals have more in common than the differences of both of humans and animals have. Like mice, mice share over 90% of their genes with humans. They have the same organs like humans, they doing the same things in the same places. Besides mice, fish and tadpoles also share enough of characteristic with human beings. Even flies and worms also been used in doing research and have come out with a breakthrough. And since animals have an extraordinary of complex systems that have a huge amount of similarities with human beings, and a computer hasn’t been invented to have a power to reproduce all the complex interaction. Thus, we cannot reproduce a beating heart in a test tube or stroke on a computer. Hence, to have animal testing is necessary in order them to discover safe drugs or to achieve in medical progress that can save human lives or perhaps to improve millions of lives throughout this experimentation on animals. As the Department of Health has stated, animal research has contributed to almost every medical advance for the last century. Without animal testing, medical that we know it nowadays wouldn’t be existing. Animal research has help us find different treatments for different kind of cancer, illness, surgery for injuries, antibiotics and vaccines to prevent those most deadly and debilitating viruses. In the other hand, The Federal Law also did requires as long as the test are to be tested on human beings, it will be necessary all the procedures and test will be tested on animals at the first place for scientific advancement and for human well beings. Besides that, it also mentioned that, animals can be used in doing research where there is no better or suitable alternatives methods are available. Of course, some animal research really have a great breakthrough in medical science, but it does not mean that all the animals research have, some of those breakthrough might also have been carried out through non animal experimentation if they had been equally well funded. However, animal testing or animal research is sometimes unreliable as a guide for human biology. It is because different kind of species animals might have different reaction towards the drug that had been testing on them. There’s also a problem on information they have gleaned from animals in the labs. Like what have applied to the dogs, mice or monkeys, there might not necessarily applied on human beings. For example, HIV, is deadly to human beings but it is not for the most laboratory animals. So by searching for the cures of HIV on different species of animals may not produce the result that is applicable on humans. Anyhow, still human-center research invariably gets more accurate, effective and safe results. Like what had Andre Menache from Animal Aid said, â€Å"An animals provide data, yes of course they do provide data; but it might be the wrong data. This is also what she means by, the experimentation results maybe it can applies to monkey, but that does not mean it can also apply on human beings. So which means by the end of result, whatever that you have discover on animals, you will have to discover it again by testing it on humans. Hence, not only the animals do suffer in these experiments but the first few patients whom use these treatments will suffer too. In fact, there are 700 treatments for stroke that had worked in laboratory animals but only have one that works in humans. And even the one treatment is controversial. Scientist and government state that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and since that animal testing should only be performed where there are no others alternatives. An alternative technique is a type of testing method that without using on animals. There are viable alternative that can be used instead of vertebrate animals. And here is one of the alternative called In vitro alternatives. In vitro alternatives are some of the most common types of tests that are being used nowadays. These tests require the use of isolate tissue and cell cultures, and this is which can be harmless and easy to obtain. Besides of vitro alternative, there is also other alternative called micro dosing, in which the basic reaction of drugs are assessed by using human volunteers to receiving well dose below those expected to produce whole body effects. In addition, another alternative that exists to prove the viability of non-animal testing methods and to improve the treatments of using animals testing, and the alternative are known as the three R’s. By using the three R’s, that animals live can be spared. The three R’s stand for: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Firstly, Replacement refers to avoid the using of animals in animal research. Which is possible to replace the living animals to others non-animals method such as tissue culture and computer simulation, where it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. Secondly, Reduction refers to reduce the number of using animals in medical research. Researchers should use as less animals in an experiment as they can. But of course, that should also have to obtain the same levels of information from among the fewer animals. Anyhow, they also have to be sure if it is necessary to have animals testing. Lastly, Refinement refers to decrease the suffering and distress on animals. Which also mean by making improvement on animal lives that being used in medical research. In addition, if the researchers want to do an experiment using animals, then they must improve the living condition of the animals they used in doing research. However, animals testing have led to remarkable breakthroughs in medical field. Hence, using the alternative method does not really work well as using animal testing. Therefore, some of the times we have to agree the use of animals in medical research to get the best available model for the solution. And the scientist can also choose which animals experiment should be carried out or should not be carried out. In conclusion, using animals in medical research are remains essential. However, animals testing in medical are unpleasant and no one will never really like to do it. But as a part of the safety tests for new medicines in futures, of course they are requiring to have animals testing before they are tested in humans. Thus, at the end, they believe that using animals in medical research will reduce massive human suffering.

What Causes Social Intolerance?

‘Across multiple disciplines in the social sciences, the study of social inequality represents a prominent area of research. ’ Social tolerance has commonly factored as a point of political study. This can be seen as a result of an increasingly pluralistic society, which encompasses vast elements of race, religion, ethnicity, sexuality and general diversity. Due to this greater emphasis has been cast upon the concept toleration. To a degree this can be perceived as a result of globalization, which has seen a vast influx of people from low income to high-income countries. Social intolerance can also be viewed within a historical context, for example a prominent area of study is the Nazi Germany treatment of the Jewish race, as well as modern day relations. Throughout my study, I am going to break down with the help of political research, what the main causes of social intolerance are, as the issue of social tolerance continues to be prominent within today’s societies across the globe. There are varying arguments regarding what is the root cause of such intolerance, however, we must recognize that the effects of social intolerance is one which is hard to quantify. This is because ‘how one responds to a survey question concerning attitudes toward a group will not accurately reflect how the respondent will react when encountering an individual from that group. ’ Therefore it is questionable to what degree we can rely on surveys, as often people responses do not always reflect true attitudes, as people can be dishonest, or answer in ways they believe to be more appealing than their true feelings. Social tolerance is a somewhat broad concept. As argued by Professor Popper, ‘Toleration is a necessary consequence of our being human we are all products of frailty: fallible and prone to error. So let us mutually pardon each other’s follies. ’ Thus meaning that we are all subject to such a disposition. Susan Mendes defines tolerance as an appeal to the propriety of allowing each individual to pursue his own life in whichever way he thinks best for him. This justification often refers to the requirement that we show respect for persons as autonomous agents. Such descriptions of tolerance infer that open-mindedness is a crucial condition for peace and stability and a balanced co-existence. It places emphasis upon the individual’s role within society and their responsibility to act in accordance. There is also a moral element in relation to such attitudes ‘a principled recognition that the â€Å"others† have rights even if the exercise those rights in unattractive ways. ’ Within my study, I will be drawing upon research data from previous experiments, and will be using data from the European Social Survey, as the areas I have been predominantly looking at are within Europe and on a personal level, this information is relative to where I live. I believe that ultimately one of the main elements of social intolerance are based amidst certain elements of the demographic. I believe characteristics such as age, religion, education and region shape our prejudices. Our society is ever evolving and broadening, and diversity has become a way of life to many. However, I believe that the older more sheltered and less educated population are more likely to be less tolerant and likely to support false and negative stereotypes, this is because they are less likely to engage with individuals from said groups, therefore they are more likely to support negative stereotypes, and integration helps eliminate such prejudice. Research suggests that those with education, who live in urban areas, or are religious liberals tend to hold more positive attitudes’ I believe that these views will be reflected in on the European Social Survey regarding ‘Qualifying for Immigration’. I am going to focus on the variables demonstrating the influences of economic considerations as well as nationality, as these reflect further arguments demonstrated within my essa y. ‘The immigrant is committed to the way of life in the country they are moving to’. The results support the idea that the immigrant being committed to the way of life ‘is extremely important’ across Europe. It also supports the belief that although economic factors are important, in relation to the immigrant assimilating to the nation states way of life, and both tie in with the arguments regarding social identity. (See Appendix 1 & 2) Social identity theory states that an integral element of an individuals’ sense of who they are is based upon groups that they belong to or identify with. This concept of identity can be related to various levels, such as nationality, ethnicity, religion, color or other characteristics. The result of this is that individuals are able to place themselves within groups that embody such characteristics. Individuals can maintain membership of more than one group. Social Identity theory believes that ‘humans define themselves, as well as others, largely in terms of the social groups to which they belong’. Social intolerance can be seen to develop from relations between different groups, ‘One of the major motivational assumptions of social identity theory is that all people will strive to achieve a positive social identity. ’ As a result of the desire for positive affiliation, to evaluate their own group positively, they are often – though not always motivated to evaluate other groups negatively. This underpins the tendency for social tensions to develop, as it is often installed by the conviction that certain groups are superior. Pressures therefore often arise, as groups believe that the positive elements within ones own group needs to be protected from the negative influences attributed to others. This can result in social prejudice and discrimination where ‘subordinate groups have predominantly negative stereotypic attributions when evaluated by dominant group members. ’ Social dominance theory begins with the observation that all human societies are inherently group-based hierarchies and are inherently oppressive. This therefore means that social intolerance is derived from the hierarchal structure of society, which is composed of domineering group-based structure. Grouping reflects the differing elements within society, such as nation states, races, class, ethnicity, religion, etc. It is believed that only certain individuals are able to be obtain positions of power, and certain characteristics are deemed necessary, such as intelligence. Within this theory it is believed that men are more suited to domineering positions of group power than women. In order for this there are ‘Hierarchy –enhancing environments are social contexts that encourage or reinforce the acceptance and support for social inequality. ’ Legitimising myths are a way in which hierarchal order can be maintained; they are seen as ‘attitudes, values, beliefs, or ideologies that provide moral and intellectual support to and justification for the group’. To phrase it differently, legitimising myths are seen as a way in which discrimination and intolerance can be justified in order to promote structure. This theory is clearly limited in its views, as it does little to explain outer group relationships which may go against the grain of hierarchy. It can be seen that to a certain degree we do construct such social orders within society, but this theory is far too totalitarian and does not fit well within society as it does not explain a magnitude of group relationships. Group conflict theory, as is demonstrated in Sherif and Horland’s Robbers Case Experiment (1954) helps reflect the tensions that can arise through group competition. The Robber’s Cave experiment, between two groups of young middle class boys concluded that ‘intergroup competition rather quickly leads to ethnocentrism and group conflict, but increases levels of inter-group morale, cohesiveness, and cooperation as well. ’ This experiment supports the belief that groups compete and conflict, as these ‘are largely functions of â€Å"realistic† competition between groups over scarce resources. ’ It’s therefore supports the rational choice theory that humans are predisposed to act selfishly and intolerance is often a product of this. For instance if a group hinders another’s best interests either economically, politically or socially, this can cause an out lash of intolerance. Threat to national identity can be seen as a motivating factor in anti immigrant sentiment. It can often be hard for new immigrants to assimilate into another country’s culture, as often issues especially those such as religion and race can make assimilation difficult. The Sniderman study into Dutch culture draws to attention and quantifies these perceived threats to society and identity regarding new immigrants. Sniderman argues that the perceived threat to culture overrides economic threats ‘perceiving a threat to Dutch culture has by the far largest impact in provoking hostility. ’ He argues however that positive economic conditions, as seen within the Netherlands, results in the greater perceived threat against culture. This perceived threat is reflected in Sniderman’s research, which shows that four of every five Dutch want to stiffen immigration requirements when immigrants do not speak Dutch fluently and do not have a good chance to fit in smoothly ith Dutch culture, compared to two of five when they do. To look at the causes of social intolerance, we ought to look more closely at the psychology of the individual. Experimental research has demonstrated that unspoken racial attitudes exist even for individuals who score low on the measures of explicit racial prejudice and these beliefs influence judgements and perceptions. This can be reflected in survey results, as deep within our consciousness, as we are, to a certain extent, affected by the stereotypes and hierarchies that surround us. The psychological view is that implicit racial stereotypes and prejudices are held by everyone because they are part of how the human mind works in the context of a culture including stereotypical representations. ’ The question therefore is, how do we develop such a consciousness? It can be seen through a number of studies which point towards ‘stereotypical portrayals in the media and analyze the history of these portrayals’. It can also be seen that from a young age, those around us, for instance parents and social groups, influence our ideals. We can be seen to adapt to the beliefs of others through the ‘process of self-selection (i. e. , the process by which individuals within a peer group influence each other and become more similar on a characteristic over time). These beliefs can manifest into discriminatory treatment, for example in the understanding of ‘implicit prejudice studies suggest that even among persons who hold sincere belief in race blindness, images and depictions of racial groups learned beginning in childhood are influential on their thinking’. These attitudes can come to surface in particular situations, for instance job discrimination. The regular use of symbols can help change and condition the way in which we think, and can without knowing perforate into our consciousness. ‘Symbolic predispositions are usually strong attitudes normally acquired through classical conditioning in early life. ’ It can therefore be seen as a lengthy and gradual process. The careful use of symbols can play to different ideals of the human condition, for instance certain symbols, such as flags, can install a sense of patriotism and pride, but in contrast, they can also be used to represent social evils, such as the Nazi swastika. People can also be used as symbolic images to install emotion and can represent social freedom, strength and empowerment, as seen through the imagery of Jesus and Martin Luther King, Jr. However, symbols can carry what seems like disproportionate power and can be used to, ‘evoke and mobilize human emotions. Virtually every war in America has been fought around such rallying symbols. Symbols can be manipulated and spun in order to represent something more credible, an example of this is the British National Party, rousing up symbolic patriotic imagery of Winston Churchill and the Union flag to help motivate emotion and support in regards to their immigration policies. Symbols can be used as a tool to play on fear, and can therefore help to breed intolerance by appealing to people’s emotions. It has previously been argued that increased amounts of immigration has generated greater racial friction, it was believed that ‘a superordinate group (e. . , whites) becomes more racially hostile as the size of the proximate subordinate group increases, which punitively threatens the former’s economic and social privilege (Oliver and Wong 2003, 568)’. Therefore it can be seen that the increased levels of immigration generates greater social intolerance. However, in contrast to this argument, recent studies have contended that actually ‘increased contact makes it difficult for groups to accept typically negative stereotypes and also increases the probability of both groups’ holding shared values (Forbes 1997). This supports the belief that racial segregation contributes considerably to social intolerance, as it is believ ed through integration and contact, negative stereotypes and general ignorance can be dispelled when personal relationships are developed. I believe that is a vital factor in the promotion of inter-group relations, that a greater emphasis is played on increased contact. Even though higher immigration levels can cause anti-sentiment, I believe this predominantly affects highly segregated areas, as can be seen within parts of the United States. Economic factors can be a key feature contributing to attitudes of social intolerance. This can be seen upon a personal as well as a collective level. The degree one feels affected by economic threats can be seen as objective, it is argued that ‘opposition to immigrants is rooted ultimately in the economic logic of people’s situations. ’ Therefore it can often be perceived that attitudes to immigrant minorities regarding economic factors are determined by individualistic circumstances. This is evident in regards to unemployment and financial instability. People who can be perceived to be in an awkward financial situation are therefore more likely to be less tolerant, as they are more prone to support the belief that immigration has contributed to their own lack of welfare, jobs and resources. It should not be overlooked that economic factors contribute towards intolerant sentiment, especially as it involves the concept of promoting self-interest. But immigration can also contribute to economic success as reflected through Locke’s line of argument for toleration in regards to Huguenot refugees ‘claiming that the refugees should be accepted since they would bring economic advantages to England. Therefore it must be understood that causality can run both ways. Changes within the demographic can also be seen to have a prominent effect on attitudes towards social tolerance. ‘Research suggests that those with more education, who live in urban areas, or are religious liberals tend to hold more positive attitudes’ G reater education is a vital way in which social intolerance can be controlled. This is mainly due to the enlightenment education casts upon the collective ills and ignorance’s of elements of society which often results in discrimination and social intolerance. Greater toleration can be seen as a result of living in urban areas, as they are more likely to offer diversity and promote assimilation. This supports the social contact theory, which argues that ‘The presence of a large minority population in a highly integrated area will result in more interracial contact, initiating a corrective for the hostility that threat otherwise produces. ’ Both these lines of argument support the theory that segregation helps install greater social intolerance, as through racial integration, individuals can break through barriers such as misconstrued racial stereotypes and prejudice. In conclusion, a common theme throughout has been the presence of different factions within society. Groups have provided the basis for division, therefore resulting in competition, generating all different causes of social intolerance. Ultimately I believe that one of the greatest factors which has contributed to one of the most predominant reasons for social intolerance is the lack of interaction between groups, especially those of race. This has meant that different cultures and groups have found it difficult to assimilate especially within Western society, this has resulted in a lack of understanding and empathy between cultures. This I believe has helped enforce stereotypes bridging a further gap, and therefore greater levels of intolerance. However, ultimately we as individuals need to break these boundaries. From a young age, imagery and symbols are presented to one another, and walls are built between the different sects. However, they can be broken down and proper stable relations can be built between groups, helping a respect and cultural understanding, ultimately resulting in less causations for social intolerance.